The new German government was required to surrender approximately 10 percent of its prewar territory in Europe and all of its overseas possessions. The Allies also excluded the defeated Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria).Īccording to French and British wishes, Germany was subjected to strict punitive measures under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. The Allies were angered by the Bolshevik decision to repudiate Russia's outstanding financial debts to the Allies and to publish the texts of secret agreements between the Allies concerning the postwar period. The Allied Powers refused to recognize the new Bolshevik Government and thus did not invite its representatives to the Peace Conference. Russia had fought as one of the Allies until December 1917, when its new Bolshevik Government withdrew from the war. Treaty negotiations were also weakened by the absence of other important nations. This often led to significant disagreements among the "Big Four." President Woodrow Wilson strongly opposed many of these arrangements, including Italian demands on the Adriatic. These agreements tended to focus on postwar redistribution of territories. The United States, entered the war in April 1917 as an Associated Power, and while it fought on the side of the Allies, it was not bound to honor pre-existing agreements between the Allied powers. Great Britain, France, and Italy fought together during the First World War as Allied Powers. Negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference were not always easy. President Woodrow Wilson was a strong advocate of the League as he believed it would prevent future wars. The Treaty of Versailles included a plan to form a League of Nations that would serve as an international forum and an international collective security arrangement. Though nearly thirty nations participated, the representatives of Great Britain, France, the United States, and Italy became known as the "Big Four." The "Big Four" would dominate the proceedings that led to the formulation of the Treaty of Versailles, a treaty that articulated the compromises reached at the conference. The purpose of the meeting was to establish the terms of the peace after World War. The Paris Peace Conference was an international meeting convened in January 1919 at Versailles just outside Paris. In 1919, the Big Four met in Paris to negotiate the Treaty: Lloyd George of Britain, Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of Italy, Georges Clemenceau of France, and Woodrow Wilson of the U.S. The Paris Peace Conference and the Treaty of Versailles
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